Interassociation Consensus Statement on Cardiovascular Care of College Student-Athletes

Cardiovascular evaluation and care of college student-athletes is gaining increasing attention from both the public and medical communities. Emerging strategies include screening of the general athlete population, recommendations of permissible levels of participation by athletes with identified cardiovascular conditions, and preparation for responding to unanticipated cardiac events in athletic venues. The primary focus has been sudden cardiac death and the utility of screening with or without advanced cardiac screening. The National Collegiate Athletic Association convened a multidisciplinary task force to address cardiovascular concerns in collegiate student-athletes and to develop consensus for an interassociation statement. This document summarizes the task force deliberations and follow-up discussions, and includes available evidence on cardiovascular risk, pre-participation evaluation, and the recognition of and response to cardiac arrest. Future recommendations for cardiac research initiatives, education, and collaboration are also provided

International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: Consensus statement.

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of mortality in athletes during sport. A variety of mostly hereditary, structural or electrical cardiac disorders are associated with SCD in young athletes, the majority of which can be identified or suggested by abnormalities on a resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Whether used for diagnostic or screening purposes, physicians responsible for the cardiovascular care of athletes should be knowledgeable and competent in ECG interpretation in athletes. However, in most countries a shortage of physician expertise limits wider application of the ECG in the care of the athlete. A critical need exists for physician education in modern ECG interpretation that distinguishes normal physiological adaptations in athletes from distinctly abnormal findings suggestive of underlying pathology. Since the original 2010 European Society of Cardiology recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes, ECG standards have evolved quickly, advanced by a growing body of scientific data and investigations that both examine proposed criteria sets and establish new evidence to guide refinements. On 26-27 February 2015, an international group of experts in sports cardiology, inherited cardiac disease, and sports medicine convened in Seattle, Washington (USA), to update contemporary standards for ECG interpretation in athletes. The objective of the meeting was to define and revise ECG interpretation standards based on new and emerging research and to develop a clear guide to the proper evaluation of ECG abnormalities in athletes. This statement represents an international consensus for ECG interpretation in athletes and provides expert opinion-based recommendations linking specific ECG abnormalities and the secondary evaluation for conditions associated with SCD

International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: Consensus statement

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the leading cause of mortality in athletes during sport. A variety of mostly hereditary, structural or electrical cardiac disorders are associated with SCD in young athletes, the majority of which can be identified or suggested by abnormalities on a resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Whether used for diagnostic or screening purposes, physicians responsible for the cardiovascular care of athletes should be knowledgeable and competent in ECG interpretation in athletes. However, in most countries a shortage of physician expertise limits wider application of the ECG in the care of the athlete. A critical need exists for physician education in modern ECG interpretation that distinguishes normal physiological adaptations in athletes from distinctly abnormal findings suggestive of underlying pathology. Since the original 2010 European Society of Cardiology recommendations for ECG interpretation in athletes, ECG standards have evolved quickly, advanced by a growing body of scientific data and investigations that both examine proposed criteria sets and establish new evidence to guide refinements. On 26-27 February 2015, an international group of experts in sports cardiology, inherited cardiac disease, and sports medicine convened in Seattle, Washington (USA), to update contemporary standards for ECG interpretation in athletes. The objective of the meeting was to define and revise ECG interpretation standards based on new and emerging research and to develop a clear guide to the proper evaluation of ECG abnormalities in athletes. This statement represents an international consensus for ECG interpretation in athletes and provides expert opinion-based recommendations linking specific ECG abnormalities and the secondary evaluation for conditions associated with SCD

Exercise at the Extremes: The Amount of Exercise to Reduce Cardiovascular Events.

Habitual physical activity and regular exercise training improve cardiovascular health and longevity. A physically active lifestyle is, therefore, a key aspect of primary and secondary prevention strategies. An appropriate volume and intensity are essential to maximally benefit from exercise interventions. This document summarizes available evidence on the relationship between the exercise volume and risk reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, the risks and benefits of moderate- versus high-intensity exercise interventions are compared. Findings are presented for the general population and cardiac patients eligible for cardiac rehabilitation. Finally, the controversy of excessive volumes of exercise in the athletic population is discussed

Perfil sérico da molécula de adesão intercelular-1 no pós-operatório cardíaco de lactentes submetidos à circulação extracorpórea Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum profile in cardiac postoperative period of infants undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass

Objetivos: mensurar os níveis séricos da molécula de adesão intercelular-1, solúvel em condições basais e após exposição ao circuito de circulação extracorpórea, em lactentes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca para correção de defeitos cardíacos congênitos. Métodos: estudo de coorte contemporâneo envolvendo 21 lactentes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com uso de circulação extracorpórea. Foram medidos os níveis séricos da molécula de adesão intercelular-1, solúvel na indução anestésica, ao término e 8 e 26 horas após o término da circulação extracorpórea. As amostras foram dosadas através do método de ELISA. Resultados: as patologias cardíacas congênitas mais comuns foram defeito do septo atrioventricular e Tetralogia de Fallot. As médias de idade e de peso foram 6,6 meses e 5,8 quilos. As medianas dos tempos de circulação extracorpórea e de clampeamento da aorta foram, respectivamente, 87 e 53 minutos. Todos os lactentes utilizaram inotrópicos. As medianas dos tempos de intubação e de internação foram 72 horas e 21 dias. A taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes foi de 9,5%. Os níveis basais da molécula avaliada foram mais elevados do que aqueles considerados normais (p<0,0001). Seus níveis diminuíram significativamente ao término da circulação extracorpórea (p<0,001), voltando a aumentar significativamente 8 horas após o término desse período (p<0,005), sem, no entanto, alcançar os valores basais 26 horas depois. Conclusões: o nível sérico basal da molécula de adesão intercelular-1 solúvel é aumentado em lactentes com cardiopatias congênitas. Os níveis séricos desta molécula variam após exposição ao circuito de circulação extracorpórea, e apresentam um comportamento característico nesses pacientes.<br>Objective: to measure the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum levels at baseline and after cardiopulmonary bypass exposure in infants undergoing surgery of congenital heart disease. Methods: contemporary cohort study, which consisted of 21 infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum levels were measured at induction of anesthesia, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 8 hours and 26 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. The samples were measured using ELISA. Results: atrioventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot were the most common congenital cardiac pathologies. The age and weight mean values were 6.6 months and 5.8 Kg. The median values of cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross-clamping time were 87 minutes and 53 minutes. All infants used inotropic drugs. The median values of intubation time and length of stay were 72 hours and 21 days. The patients’ mortality rate was 9.5%. The baseline levels of the molecule were higher than the normal values (P<0.0001). The levels of the molecule significantly decreased at the end of the cardiopulmonary bypass (P<0.001), significantly increasing 8 hours after that period (P<0.005), without reaching baseline values 26 hours after that. Conclusions: the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 baseline serum level is higher than normal in infants presenting congenital cardiac defects. This molecule serum levels vary after cardiopulmonary bypass exposure, presenting a characteristic behavior in these patients

Perfil sérico da molécula de adesão intercelular-1 no pós-operatório cardíaco de lactentes submetidos à circulação extracorpórea

Objetivos: mensurar os níveis séricos da molécula de adesão intercelular-1, solúvel em condições basais e após exposição ao circuito de circulação extracorpórea, em lactentes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca para correção de defeitos cardíacos congênitos. Métodos: estudo de coorte contemporâneo envolvendo 21 lactentes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com uso de circulação extracorpórea. Foram medidos os níveis séricos da molécula de adesão intercelular-1, solúvel na indução anestésica, ao término e 8 e 26 horas após o término da circulação extracorpórea. As amostras foram dosadas através do método de ELISA. Resultados: as patologias cardíacas congênitas mais comuns foram defeito do septo atrioventricular e Tetralogia de Fallot. As médias de idade e de peso foram 6,6 meses e 5,8 quilos. As medianas dos tempos de circulação extracorpórea e de clampeamento da aorta foram, respectivamente, 87 e 53 minutos. Todos os lactentes utilizaram inotrópicos. As medianas dos tempos de intubação e de internação foram 72 horas e 21 dias. A taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes foi de 9,5%. Os níveis basais da molécula avaliada foram mais elevados do que aqueles considerados normais (p<0,0001). Seus níveis diminuíram significativamente ao término da circulação extracorpórea (p<0,001), voltando a aumentar significativamente 8 horas após o término desse período (p<0,005), sem, no entanto, alcançar os valores basais 26 horas depois. Conclusões: o nível sérico basal da molécula de adesão intercelular- 1 solúvel é aumentado em lactentes com cardiopatias congênitas. Os níveis séricos desta molécula variam após exposição ao circuito de circulação extracorpórea, e apresentam um comportamento característico nesses pacientes.Objective: to measure the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum levels at baseline and after cardiopulmonary bypass exposure in infants undergoing surgery of congenital heart disease. Methods: contemporary cohort study, which consisted of 21 infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum levels were measured at induction of anesthesia, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 8 hours and 26 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. The samples were measured using ELISA. Results: atrioventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot were the most common congenital cardiac pathologies. The age and weight mean values were 6.6 months and 5.8 Kg. The median values of cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross-clamping time were 87 minutes and 53 minutes. All infants used inotropic drugs. The median values of intubation time and length of stay were 72 hours and 21 days. The patients’ mortality rate was 9.5%. The baseline levels of the molecule were higher than the normal values (P<0.0001). The levels of the molecule significantly decreased at the end of the cardiopulmonary bypass (P<0.001), significantly increasing 8 hours after that period (P<0.005), without reaching baseline values 26 hours after that. Conclusions: the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 baseline serum level is higher than normal in infants presenting congenital cardiac defects. This molecule serum levels vary after cardiopulmonary bypass exposure, presenting a characteristic behavior in these patients

Perfil sérico da molécula de adesão intercelular-1 no pós-operatório cardíaco de lactentes submetidos à circulação extracorpórea

Objetivos: mensurar os níveis séricos da molécula de adesão intercelular-1, solúvel em condições basais e após exposição ao circuito de circulação extracorpórea, em lactentes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca para correção de defeitos cardíacos congênitos. Métodos: estudo de coorte contemporâneo envolvendo 21 lactentes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca com uso de circulação extracorpórea. Foram medidos os níveis séricos da molécula de adesão intercelular-1, solúvel na indução anestésica, ao término e 8 e 26 horas após o término da circulação extracorpórea. As amostras foram dosadas através do método de ELISA. Resultados: as patologias cardíacas congênitas mais comuns foram defeito do septo atrioventricular e Tetralogia de Fallot. As médias de idade e de peso foram 6,6 meses e 5,8 quilos. As medianas dos tempos de circulação extracorpórea e de clampeamento da aorta foram, respectivamente, 87 e 53 minutos. Todos os lactentes utilizaram inotrópicos. As medianas dos tempos de intubação e de internação foram 72 horas e 21 dias. A taxa de mortalidade dos pacientes foi de 9,5%. Os níveis basais da molécula avaliada foram mais elevados do que aqueles considerados normais (p<0,0001). Seus níveis diminuíram significativamente ao término da circulação extracorpórea (p<0,001), voltando a aumentar significativamente 8 horas após o término desse período (p<0,005), sem, no entanto, alcançar os valores basais 26 horas depois. Conclusões: o nível sérico basal da molécula de adesão intercelular- 1 solúvel é aumentado em lactentes com cardiopatias congênitas. Os níveis séricos desta molécula variam após exposição ao circuito de circulação extracorpórea, e apresentam um comportamento característico nesses pacientes.Objective: to measure the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum levels at baseline and after cardiopulmonary bypass exposure in infants undergoing surgery of congenital heart disease. Methods: contemporary cohort study, which consisted of 21 infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum levels were measured at induction of anesthesia, at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass, and 8 hours and 26 hours after cardiopulmonary bypass. The samples were measured using ELISA. Results: atrioventricular septal defects and tetralogy of Fallot were the most common congenital cardiac pathologies. The age and weight mean values were 6.6 months and 5.8 Kg. The median values of cardiopulmonary bypass time and aortic cross-clamping time were 87 minutes and 53 minutes. All infants used inotropic drugs. The median values of intubation time and length of stay were 72 hours and 21 days. The patients’ mortality rate was 9.5%. The baseline levels of the molecule were higher than the normal values (P<0.0001). The levels of the molecule significantly decreased at the end of the cardiopulmonary bypass (P<0.001), significantly increasing 8 hours after that period (P<0.005), without reaching baseline values 26 hours after that. Conclusions: the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 baseline serum level is higher than normal in infants presenting congenital cardiac defects. This molecule serum levels vary after cardiopulmonary bypass exposure, presenting a characteristic behavior in these patients